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General description
A cell-permeable racemic mixture of Halofuginone, a halogenated derivative of the Dichroa febriguga alkaloid Febrifugine, whose D-(+)/(2R, 3S) enantiomer serves as the active inhibitor against ProRS- (prolyl-tRNA synthetase) mediated aminoacylation by simultaneously targeting/blocking ProRS Proline-binding pocket with its hydroxypiperidine and tRNA 3′ end adenosine-binding site with its halogenated 4-quinazolinone, preventing not only ProRS-catalyzed prolyl adenylation (Pro-AMP formation), but also the subsequent Pro transfer from Pro-AMP to tRNAPro. Consistently, only proline, but not other NEAA, is able to reverse the inhibitory effect of HF in in vitro rabbit reticulocyte lysate translations (1 µM HF; 1 mM Pro) and prevent HF-induced cellular AAR (amino acid response) pathway activation (100 nM HF/2 mM Pro/MEF; 10 nM HF/1 mM Pro/Murine CD4+ CD25- T cells). Shown to inhibit bFGF-induced neovascularization in a murine corneal angiogenesis model (5 mg/kg/day via food intake) and significantly reduce the severity of myelin antigen MOG33-55-induced autoimmune EAE/encephalomyelitis in mice (2 µg/mouse/day i.p.) in vivo. Unlike AA-AMP mimetics, HF does not compete against ATP for ProRS binding. ATP, in its ProRS bound state, actually helps stabilize HF via hydrogen bond interactions.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Primary Target
prolyl-tRNA synthetase
Packaging
Packaged under inert gas
Preparation Note
Following reconstitution, aliquot and freeze (-20°C). Stock solutions are stable for up to 3 months at -20°C.
Other Notes
Zhou, H., et al. 2013, Nature494, 121.
Keller, T.L., et al. 2012, Nat. Chem. Biol.12, 311.
Sundrud, M.S., et al. 2009, Science324, 1334.
Elkin, M., et al. 2000, FASEB J.14, 2477.
Elkin, M., et al. 1999, Clin. Cancer Res.5, 1982.
Legal Information
CALBIOCHEM is a registered trademark of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
Disclaimer
Toxicity: Standard Handling (A)
| assay | ≥98% (HPLC) |
| Quality Level | 100 |
| form | powder |
| potency | 18 nM IC50 |
| manufacturer/tradename | Calbiochem® |
| storage condition | OK to freeze,protect from light |
| color | white |
| solubility | DMSO: 100 mg/mL |
| storage temp. | 2-8°C |
| SMILES string | [Br-].Brc1cc2c(cc1Cl)C(=O)N(C=N2)CC(=O)CC3NCCC[C@H]3O.[H+] |
| InChI | 1S/C16H17BrClN3O3.BrH/c17-11-6-13-10(5-12(11)18)16(24)21(8-20-13)7-9(22)4-14-15(23)2-1-3-19-14;/h5-6,8,14-15,19,23H,1-4,7H2;1H/t14?,15-;/m1./s1 |
| InChI key | SJUWEPZBTXEUMU-NUNOUFIPSA-N |
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